Freedom's just a word Bush uses when nothing else comes to mind. :-S

Let's ask "Ohio Secretary of State Kenneth Blackwell" what Republicans think democracy looks like.

[COLOR=red][b]Well, of course, Laura is 1000% better for you... but the glamour of the Red Carpet! :lol: [/b][/COLOR]

Glamour schmamour, who gives a rip what overpaid celbs are wearing when there's so much more worth doing?! Seems like people these days are applying Timothy Leary's advice to "tune in, turn on, and drop out" to watching television.

As Gil Scott-Heron says, "The revolution will not be televised! . . . The revolution will be LIVE!"

I didnt even know tonight was the Awards until Laura told me! Clearly I'd rather be here being informed than worshipping clebreties! Dont worry, we are out here!

[COLOR=red][b]But notjohn-- listening to Drew Barrymore and Star Jones talk about the meaning of life....
:cheese: [/b][/COLOR]

[color=red][b]Pete-- I'm in the 12th-- proudly represented by the great Mel Watt![/b][/color]

I understand C. Rock won't be speaking for an hour yet.

AFA: Negroponte

bal-negroponte1a

Unearthed: Fatal Secrets
When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty.

Was the CIA involved? Did Washington know? Was the public deceived? Now we know: Yes, Yes and yes.

By Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson
Sun Staff June 11, 1995

TEGUCIGALPA, Honduras - The search for Nelson Mackay Chavarria - family man, government lawyer, possible subversive - began one Sunday in 1982 after he devoured a pancake breakfast and stepped out to buy a newspaper.

It ended last December when his wife, Amelia, watched as forensic scientists plucked his moldering bones from a pit in rural Honduras. Spotting a scrap of the red-and-blue shirt her husband was wearing the day he disappeared, she gasped: "Oh my God, that's him!"

Along with Amelia Mackay, the nation of Honduras has begun to confront a truth it has long suspected - that hundreds of its citizens were kidnapped, tortured and killed in the 1980s by a secret army unit trained and supported by the Central Intelligence Agency.

The intelligence unit, known as Battalion 316, used shock and suffocation devices in interrogations. Prisoners often were kept naked and, when no longer useful, killed and buried in unmarked graves.

Newly declassified documents and other sources show that the CIA and the U.S. Embassy knew of numerous crimes, including murder and torture, committed by Battalion 316, yet continued to collaborate closely with its leaders.

In order to keep U.S. dollars flowing into Honduras for the war against communism in Central America, the Reagan administration knowingly made a series of misleading statements to Congress and the public that denied or minimized the violence of Battalion 316.

These are among the findings of a 14-month investigation in which The Sun obtained formerly classified documents and interviewed U.S. and Honduran participants, many of whom - fearing for their lives or careers - have kept silent until now.

Among those interviewed were three former Battalion 316 torturers who acknowledged their crimes and detailed the battalion's close relationship with the CIA.

U.S. collaboration with Battalion 316 occurred at many levels.

* The CIA was instrumental in training and equipping Battalion 316. Members were flown to a secret location in the United States for training in surveillance and interrogation, and later were given CIA training at Honduran bases.

* Starting in 1981, the United States secretly provided funds for Argentine counterinsurgency experts to train anti-Communist forces in Honduras. By that time, Argentina was notorious for its own "Dirty War," which had left at least 10,000 dead or "disappeared" in the 1970s. Argentine and CIA instructors worked side by side training Battalion 316 members at a camp in Lepaterique, a town about 16 miles west of Tegucigalpa.

* Gen. Gustavo Alvarez Martinez, who as chief of the Honduran armed forces personally directed Battalion 316, received strong U.S. support - even after he told a U.S. ambassador that he intended to use the Argentine method of eliminating subversives.

* By 1983, when Alvarez's oppressive methods were well known to the U.S. Embassy, the Reagan administration awarded him the Legion of Merit for "encouraging the success of democratic processes in Honduras." His friendship with Donald Winters, the CIA station chief in Honduras, was so close that when Winters adopted a child, he asked Alvarez to be the girl's godfather.

* A CIA officer based in the U.S. Embassy went frequently to a secret jail known as INDUMIL, where torture was conducted, and visited the cell of kidnap victim Ines Murillo. That jail and other Battalion 316 installations were off-limits to Honduran officials, including judges trying to find kidnap victims.

The exact number of people executed by Battalion 316 remains unknown. For years, unidentified and unclaimed bodies were found dumped in rural areas, along rivers and in citrus groves.

Late in 1993, the Honduran government listed 184 people as still missing and presumed dead. They are are called "desaparecidos," Spanish for "the disappeared." Mackay is the first person on the list to be found and identified. The discovery of an identifiable body has enabled prosecutors to try to bring his killers to justice.

To this day, the events in Honduras have been little noticed, an obscure sideshow to a highly publicized struggle in the region. ,, They came about as the Reagan administration was waging war against a Marxist regime in Nicaragua and leftist insurgents in El Salvador.

Honduras, a U.S. ally, was used by Washington as the principal base for its largely clandestine effort. Keeping Honduras secure from leftists was Battalion 316's mission.

"I think it is an example of the pathology of foreign policy," said Jack Binns, a Carter appointee as ambassador to Honduras who served from September 1980 through October 1981. "The desire to conduct a clandestine war against Nicaragua out of Honduras made us willing to go beyond turning a blind eye and made us willing to provide assistance to people doing these things even though we knew they were doing them."

Elliott Abrams, former assistant secretary of state for human rights and humanitarian affairs from December 1981 to July 1985, when he was appointed assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs, vigorously defends the Reagan policy.

"Disappearing people - murdering people, was not the policy of the United States. Nor was it our policy to avert our eyes," Abrams said.

Abrams and other Reagan administration officials said that while fighting communism was the primary goal, they encouraged military leaders in Central America to curtail human rights abuses. In contrast to the Carter administration, which had emphasized human rights in crafting foreign policy, they tackled the issue privately, Abrams said.

"A human rights policy is not supposed to make you feel good," he said. "It's supposed to do some good in the country you're targeting."

No one was safe

Some of the victims of Battalion 316 were subversives, involved in such crimes as bombings and robberies. Nelson Mackay, an easy-going man of Australian descent, had many friends in the military. But he was suspected of arranging gun sales to a radical student group.

Many others were kidnapped and killed for exercising the same freedoms that the United States said it was fighting for in Latin America. Victims included students demonstrating for the release of political prisoners, union leaders who organized strikes for higher wages, journalists who criticized the military regime and college professors demanding fair tuition for the poor.

Among the kidnapped were 14 who described their treatment in interviews with The Sun. Nine said members of Battalion 316 clipped wires to their genitals and sent electric currents surging through their bodies.

"They started with 110 volts," said Miguel Carias, an architectural draftsman who was held captive with Nelson Mackay for a week in 1982. "Then they went up to 220. Each time they shocked me, I could feel my body jump and my mouth filled with a metal taste."

Former members of Battalion 316, interviewed in Canada where they are living in exile, described how prisoners were nearly suffocated with a rubber mask wrapped tightly around their faces. The mask was called "la capucha," or "the hood." Women were fondled and raped, the torturers said.

The body of Mackay, who was 37 years old and the father of five, showed signs of other tortures.

Farmers who found Mackay's body in 1982 and later buried it reported that his hands and feet were tied with rope and a noose was around his neck. A black liquid spilled from his mouth. The farmers recognized the substance as "criolina," a thick, black liquid rubbed on cattle to kill ticks and mites.

Stalking the victims

Before being kidnapped and tortured, suspects were stalked by Battalion 316.

Jose Valle, a former battalion member now in Canada, describes a typical surveillance: "We would follow a person for four to six days. See their daily routes from the moment they leave the house. What kind of transportation they use. The streets they go on."

Once the battalion determined the time and place an individual was most vulnerable, the person was kidnapped, often in daylight by men in black ski masks. They ambushed their victims on busy streets, then sped off in cars with tinted windows and no license plates.

The prisoners of Battalion 316 were confined in bedrooms, closets and basements of country homes of military officers. Some were held in military clubhouses at locations such as INDUMIL, the Military Industries complex near Tegucigalpa.

They were stripped and tied hand and foot. Tape was wrapped around their eyes.

Those who survived recall interrogation sessions that lasted hours. Battalion members shouted obscenities, accused them of being terrorists, and told them they would never see their families again if they did not answer questions and confess.

Milton Jimenez, former leader of a radical leftist student group, .. endured such interrogation. He and several college housemates were kidnapped by military police on April 27, 1982. When Jimenez refused to answer questions, he said, the officers told ,, him they were going to kill him. "They said they were finishing my grave. . . . I was convinced that I was going to die."

They stood him before a firing squad. They aimed their guns at him, promising that it was his time to die. But they never fired.

Eventually, he was released.

"They never accused me of anything specific," said Jimenez in an interview in Tegucigalpa, where he is now a lawyer. "They said they knew I was a terrorist and they asked, 'Who are your friends?'"

Simple methods

There was nothing sophisticated about the torture employed by Battalion 316. In addition to la capucha - a piece of rubber cut from an inner tube that prevents a person from breathing through the mouth and nose - they used rope to hang victims from the ceiling and beat them, and extension cords with exposed wires for shock torture.

Gloria Esperanza Reyes, now 52, speaking in an interview at her home in Vienna, Va., describes how she was tortured with electric wires attached to her breasts and vagina. "The first jolt was so bad I just wanted to die," she said.

Jose Barrera, a former battalion torturer interviewed in Toronto, recalls such pleas from prisoners. "They always asked to be killed," he said. "Torture is worse than death."

Battalion 316 got its early training from Argentines, who had been invited to Honduras by General Alvarez, himself an honors graduate of the Argentine Military Academy.

"The Argentines came in first, and they taught how to disappear people. The United States made them more efficient," said Oscar Alvarez, a former Honduran special forces officer and diplomat who was the general's nephew.

"The Americans ... brought the equipment," he said. "They gave the training in the United States, and they brought agents here to provide some training in Honduras.

"They said, 'You need someone to tap phones, you need someone to transcribe the tapes, you need surveillance groups.' They brought in special cameras that were inside thermoses. They taught interrogation techniques.

"The United States did not come here and say kill people," he added. "I never saw any efforts by the United States to create death squads."

General Alvarez's chief of staff, Gen. Jose Bueso Rosa, also describes the U.S. role in developing the battalion. "It was their idea to create an intelligence unit that reported directly to the head of the armed forces," he said. "Battalion 316 was created by a need for information. We were not specialists in intelligence, in gathering information, so the United States offered to help us organize a special unit."

(In 1986, Bueso was convicted in U.S. District Court in Miami of participating in a failed drug-financed plot to kill former Honduran President Roberto Suazo Cordoba.)

In the United States and in Honduras, the CIA trained members of the unit in interrogation and surveillance, former Battalion 316 members and Honduran officers said.

The training by the CIA was confirmed by Richard Stolz, then-deputy director for operations, in secret testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in June 1988.

In testimony declassified at The Sun's request, Stolz told the committee: "The course consisted of three weeks of classroom instruction followed by two weeks of practical exercises, which included the questioning of actual prisoners by the students.

"Physical abuse or other degrading treatment was rejected, not only because it is wrong, but because it has historically proven to be ineffective," he added.

He confirmed that a CIA officer visited the place where 24-year-old Ines Murillo was held during her captivity.

Interviews with members of Battalion 316 confirm Stolz's testimony: The CIA taught them to apply psychological pressure, but not physical torture. But former battalion members and victims say the CIA knew that torture was being used.

Florencio Caballero, a former battalion member, recalls the instruction and the reality.

"They said that torture was not the way to obtain the truth during an interrogation. But Alvarez said the quickest way to get the information was with torture," he told investigators of the Senate intelligence committee.

The Senate investigators interviewed Caballero in Canada as part of the same investigation in which Stolz testified.

In an interview with The Sun, Oscar Alvarez also recalls the reality.

"What was supposed to happen was that the intelligence unit would gather information and take it to a judge and say, 'Here, this person is a guerrilla, and here's the evidence," he said. "But the Hondurans did not do that." Slashing his finger across his neck, he said, "They took the easy way."

And, he said, "U.S. officials did not protest."

Mark Mansfield, a spokesman for the CIA, said: "As a matter of policy, we don't comment on liaison relationships." But, he added, "The notion that the CIA was involved in or sanctioned human rights abuses in Honduras is unfounded."

A man, a mission

When Alvarez took command of the Honduran armed forces in 1982, at the age of 44, Washington had a man ideally suited to its mission to combat Communist insurgency in Central America.

"Gustavo Alvarez was very much out of national character - dynamic, firm, uncompromising," said Donald Winters, CIA station chief in Tegucigalpa from 1982 to 1984. "He knew where he wanted to go."

Alvarez was the son of a high school principal who made him recite poetry to overcome a stutter. But his preferred reading was military history. He so admired Germany's "Desert Fox" of World War II, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, that he named one of his sons Erwin and another Manfred, after Rommel's son.

General Alvarez made no secret about his belief that terror and violence were the only ways to deal with subversives. As commander of the national police force known as Fuerza de Seguridad Publica (FUSEP), he had already created an intelligence unit that would become known as Battalion 316.

On Feb. 6, 1981, while still FUSEP commander, but already selected as head of the Honduran armed forces, he told Binns of his admiration for the way the Argentine military had dealt with subversives and said that he planned to use the same methods in Honduras.

The U.S. ambassador was shocked. In an urgent cable to superiors in Washington, he described the conversation:

"Alvarez stressed theme that democracies and West are soft, perhaps too soft to resist Communist subversion. The Argentines, he said, had met the threat effectively, identifying - and taking care of - the subversives. Their method, he opined, is the only effective way of meeting the challenge.

"When it comes to subversion, [Alvarez] would opt for tough, vigorous and Extra-Legal Action," Binns warned.

Four months later, Binns was outraged to learn of the violent abduction and disappearance of Tomas Nativi, a 33-year-old university professor and alleged subversive. Nativi was dragged from his bed on June 11, 1981, by six men wearing black ski masks, according to witnesses and a 1993 Honduran government report.

He has not been seen since and is presumed dead.

In his cable on the incident to Washington, the ambassador said: "I believe we should try to nip this situation in the bud. I have already asked [CIA] chief of station to raise this problem obliquely with ... Alvarez (whose minions appear to be the principal actors and whom I suspect is the intellectual force behind this new strategy for handling subversives/criminals)."

Falling on deaf ears

Binns recommended that the U.S. government act to stop the military violence by threatening to withhold military aid. "Those suggestions drew a thunderous silence from Washington," he said in a recent interview at his home in Tucson, Ariz. "My message was not a message anyone wanted to hear."

The Reagan administration had made it clear that it would diminish the criticism of human rights abuses by its allies in places such as Central America where it wanted to go on the offensive against the Communist threat.

Thomas O. Enders, former assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs and a chief architect of the early Reagan strategy, described the change of policy in a recent interview in New York, where he is a managing director of Salomon Brothers Inc., an investment banking firm.

"We didn't think that we could effectively sustain the resistance to the guerrillas in Central America without being willing to give significant public support to their governments," Enders said.

"We were afraid that the approach that had been adopted by the Carter administration, which was highly critical of them and would result in their demoralization, would fail to convince the Soviet Union or the Salvadorans, Hondurans and others that we really meant business."

In the Reagan strategy, Honduras, which the United States had used before to advance its objectives in Central America, was ideally located between Nicaragua and El Salvador. General Alvarez seemed an ideal partner.

"Alvarez was a darling of the Reagan administration," said Cresencio S. Arcos, U.S. Embassy press spokesman from June 1980 to July 1985 and ambassador to Honduras from December 1989 to July 1993.

While General Alvarez's star was rising, President Reagan was issuing orders for an aggressive, largely secret thrust against communism in Central America.

By March 9, 1981 - after less than two months in office - Reagan signed a presidential "finding" that ordered the expansion of covert operations authorized by the Carter administration, to "provide all forms of training, equipment, and related assistance to cooperating governments throughout Central America in order counter foreign-sponsored subversion and terrorism."

On Dec. 1, 1981, he ordered the CIA to work primarily through "non-Americans" against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and leftist insurgents in El Salvador.

The "non-Americans" were to include Argentines, paid for by the CIA, Enders said in an interview last month. He said there did not seem to be any alternative to using the Argentines, despite their poor record on human rights.

"There were not many people with counterinsurgency experience," Enders said. "How many people were there who were Spanish speakers? [Human rights] was obviously a concern, but when we got through looking at it, we didn't see that we had any clear choice."

By the end of 1981, the Reagan administration had replaced Ambassador Binns with John Dimitri Negroponte, a man viewed as committed to the administration's decision to confront communism in Latin America.

USS Honduras

The partnership with Honduras and General Alvarez expanded. Military aid to Honduras jumped from $3.9 million in 1980 to $77.4 million by 1984.

The tiny country eventually was crowded with so much U.S. military equipment and personnel that some started referring to it as "the USS Honduras."

While the U.S. government heaped money and praise on Alvarez, evidence of human rights abuses mounted.

One accusation came from Col. Leonidas Torres Arias, after he was ousted as intelligence chief for the Honduran armed forces.

In August 1982, he told a packed news conference in Mexico City about Battalion 316, "a death squad operating in Honduras that was being led by armed forces chief, General Gustavo Alvarez." He mentioned three victims by name, including Nelson Mackay.

At the U.S. Embassy in Tegucigalpa, U.S. officials were confronted with personal and written appeals for help from relatives of the disappeared.

Former Honduran Congressman Efrain Diaz Arrivillaga said he spoke several times about the military's abuses to U.S. officials in Honduras, including Negroponte.

"Their attitude was one of tolerance and silence," he said. "They needed Honduras to loan its territory more than they were concerned about innocent people being killed."

Negroponte, now U.S. ambassador to the Philippines, has declined repeated requests by telephone and in writing since July for interviews about this report, including most recently in a hand-delivered letter to the embassy in Manila.

Almost every day, Honduran newspapers published stories about the military's violence and full-page ads with pictures of the missing. In 1982 alone, at least 318 stories were published about military abuses.

Some directly named Alvarez.

"General Alvarez, as a human being, I beg you to free my children," read one headline from El Tiempo on April 30, 1982.

Members of the Honduran Congress drafted resolutions calling for investigations into the disappearances.

Relatives of Battalion 316's victims marched by the hundreds through the narrow streets of Tegucigalpa demanding the return of the missing.

"Alive they were taken! Alive we want them back!" they chanted, mostly wrinkled old women with white scarves covering their heads, carrying posters with drawings of their missing sons and grandsons.

But, determined to avoid questions in Congress, U.S. officials in Honduras concealed evidence of rights abuses.

"There are no political prisoners in Honduras," asserted the State Department human rights report on Honduras for 1983.

By that time the embassy was aware of numerous kidnappings of leftists and had participated in the freeing of two prominent victims whose abduction and torture had become embarrassing.

Specific examples of brutality by the Honduran military typically never appeared in the human rights reports, prepared by the embassy under the direct supervision of Ambassador Negroponte. Those reports to Congress were required under the Foreign Assistance Act, which in most circumstances prohibits the United States from providing military aid to nations whose governments engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights.

The reports from Honduras were carefully crafted to leave the impression that the Honduran military respected human rights.

The end of Alvarez

By 1984, other Honduran officers began to worry that Alvarez had dragged the country too far into violence against their own people.

Col. Eric Sanchez, now retired from the armed forces, thought Alvarez was "obsessed."

Recalling a conversation with Alvarez about Battalion 316, Sanchez said the armed forces chief told him: "One had to fight Communists with all weapons and in every arena, and not all of them are fair."

Gen. Walter Lopez, currently one of Honduras' three vice presidents, recalled in an interview: "(Alvarez)was dangerous. He was pushing our country to do something we did not want to do. We were willing to be trained professionally, but only to defend our country. Not for so-called undercover operations."

On March 31, 1984, Alvarez's military career came to a sudden and unexpected end.

Accused of misappropriation of funds, he was ousted by his own officers. One junior officer held a gun to the general's head and handcuffed him. He was put on a military plane for Costa Rica.

Later the same year, Alvarez and his wife and five children landed in Miami, where they lived for five years. He joined an evangelical church in Miami and embraced religion with as much passion as he had embraced the fight against communism.

In 1988, Alvarez said he had been urged in a dream to go back to Honduras and preach the gospel. Shunning offers of protection from friends in the military, he preached on street corners, saying, "My Bible is my protection."

On Jan. 25, 1989, five men dressed in blue and wearing hard hats surrounded his car and riddled it with bullets from machine guns. Moments before he died, bleeding from 18 wounds, Alvarez asked: "Why are they doing this to me?"

The assassins have never been found, but a group called the Popular Liberation Movement claimed responsibility.

In a statement, the group referred to Alvarez as a psychopath who tried "to escape popular justice by disguising himself as a harmless and repentant Christian."

A widow's defense

Lilia Alvarez, the general's widow, defends his memory.

"He knew they would criticize him for what he did. ... There were some illegal detentions, and maybe the army executed some people, but think about how many lives were saved. Thousands of people were saved because my husband prevented a civil war."

The Honduran government has taken several steps forward in the pursuit of the truth about the disappearances of the 1980s.

In a 1993 report, "The Facts Speak for Themselves," the government lists the name of each of the disappeared and admits that it did not protect its citizens from the abuses of the military.

"Extrajudicial executions, arbitrary detentions and the lack of due process ... characterized these years of intolerance," stated the report of the National Commissioner for the Protection of Human Rights in Honduras. "Perhaps more troublesome than the violations themselves was the authorities' tolerance of these crimes and the impunity with which they were committed."

The report represents the first time that the Honduran government has admitted that the disappearances occurred and that it shares responsibility.

Within a year after he became president of Honduras in 1994, Carlos Roberto Reina took further steps to identify those responsible.

"Those of us who lived in that time are committed not to relive it," said Honduran Attorney General Edmundo Orellana. "We are committed to building a society that says, 'Never again.' "

One of the most important developments in that task was the discovery of an identifiable body of a "desaparecido" - Nelson Mackay. With an identified body, a murder investigation could be undertaken. The case has been helped by the willingness of Miguel Carias, his alleged co-conspirator, to testify.

In an interview, Carias described their last encounter.

They were together in a brown brick house on the northern edge of Tegucigalpa that Battalion 316 used as a secret jail. Mackay was held in a bedroom, his hands and feet tied with rope. Carias, locked in the closet, heard Mackay praying.

"Hail, Mary, full of grace. The Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou among women ..."

Mackay's voice grew louder as he recited the prayer over and over.

"I told him, 'Mackay please shut up. I am going crazy with all your prayers,'" Carias said.

Mackay kept on. "Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death ..."

"I never heard or saw Nelson again," Carias said.

More than a decade after the execution of Mackay and others, forces in Honduras still seek to thwart the investigation into the crimes of the Honduran military.

Carias is kept under round-the-clock guard. Two other Honduran witnesses in previous inquiries have been killed.

The Honduran human rights commissioner, Leo Valladares, has received so many threats that, in April, he moved three of his children out of Honduras. The move was hurriedly arranged after one of Valladares' bodyguards was gunned down on a bus. No arrest has been made in the slaying.

Despite this sort of intimidation, the relatives of the disappeared remain determined. Once a month, they meet in front of the Honduran Congress, in the center of Tegucigalpa, and pass out fliers with the names and faces of the missing.

Fidelina Borjas Perez, 66, has been searching for her son, Samuel, since he disappeared in January 1982 from a bus traveling to Honduras from Nicaragua.

"One day I hope God lets me find my son, even if it is only his cadaver," she said.

Not one of the relatives believes that the disappeared are alive. But they want to know how their relatives died and who is responsible.

"We are never going to stop looking," says Maria Concepcion Gomez, whose common-law husband, a union leader, disappeared in August 1982. Sitting in her living room beneath a picture of The Last Supper, she said: "We are never going to get tired. If the army is hoping that we will forget or that we will give up, they are wrong."

Nelson Mackay's widow, Amelia, shared that determination.

A few weeks after her husband disappeared, she stopped her public search for him because of telephone threats against her children. Instead, she worked long hours to keep them enrolled in private schools.

During the day she worked as an administrative assistant at the Honduran Foreign Ministry. At night, she baked cakes and sold them to friends to supplement her income.

She stashed beneath her bed a box containing her husband's dental records, his identification card listing his height and weight, and a photograph of him wearing the red-and-blue checked shirt he wore the day he disappeared.

"I could not sleep at night," she remembered. "I would walk around the dark house thinking maybe he would come home. Maybe he would appear."

The first 'banana republic'

Honduras is the original "banana republic," a term coined to describe the country's political and economic dependency on U.S. fruit companies during the early 1900s.

The north coast of Honduras, the country's richest farm region, was controlled by U.S. fruit companies at the turn of the century. By 1914, they owned nearly a million acres of Honduras' most fertile territory.

The fruit companies built Honduras' only rail lines to transport produce, installed their own banking systems, and bribed politicians and union leaders to do their bidding.

Almost none of the wealth stayed in Honduras, the poorest country in Central America.

Population: 5.2 million

Average per capita income: $540 per year

Education: Nearly half of the people have not finished sixth-grade. 40 percent are illiterate.

Home life: 55 percent live in rural areas or slums that surround Tegucigalpa, the capital, or San Pedro Sula, the nation's second-largest city.

Religion: Roman Catholic Honduras is not the only place in Latin America where the Central Intelligence Agency has collaborated with repressive regimes.

It was disclosed this year that a Guatemalan army officer linked to two high-profile killings was a paid CIA agent. One of the victims was an American innkeeper in Guatemala, the other a leftist guerrilla married to a Baltimore-born lawyer.

CIA officials allegedly knew that the Guatemalan, Col. Julio Roberto Alpirez, was involved in the killings, but concealed the -- information.

Created in 1947, the CIA has conducted covert operations in Latin America since its inception. In 1954, the CIA engineered a coup launched from neighboring Honduras that overthrew Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman and installed a military regime.

The CIA supported the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende in 1973, then launched a covert program to enhance the reputation of Chilean strongman Gen. Augusto Pinochet. U.S. officials have admitted that the CIA paid former Panamanian military ruler Manuel Antonio Noriega more than $160,000 as an intelligence source.

In the 1980s, the CIA expanded its activities in Latin America. The agency trained and funded a clandestine paramilitary force known as the "contras" to attack the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

In El Salvador, Col. Nicolas Carranza, then-Treasury police chief, reportedly was on the CIA payroll during the 1980s as an informant. Carranza and the Treasury police have been linked to right-wing Salvadoran death squads.

In one of its most controversial Cold War actions, the CIA orchestrated the failed invasion of Cuba by a force of Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961.

With the end of the Cold War, questions are being raised about the role of the CIA and other U.S. intelligence agencies. The intelligence agencies, particularly the CIA, are undergoing an intense re-evaluation by a presidential commission that is expected to report its findings early next year.

bal-negroponte1b

Glimpses of the 'disappeared'

By Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson
Sun Staff

June 11, 1995

The student leader who would not bend

Eduardo Lanza, a 24-year-old medical student at the National Autonomous University of Honduras, saw dozens of fellow students arrested and beaten by police.

Instead of remaining silent, he incited hundreds of students to block Tegucigalpa streets and bridges to protest government-sanctioned violence.

"I pleaded with Eduardo to please stop his protests," recalled his mother, Gertrudis Becerra. "People were disappearing, and I told him that the police could arrest him, too, and kill him.

"He said he could not stop speaking. He would not let them scare him into silence."

As Gertrudis Becerra feared, her son became a target for Battalion 316. He was abducted on Aug. 1, 1982. The president pTC of the University Reform Front has not been seen since.

Pictured at left, his parents, Roberto Becerra and Gertrudis Lanza Becerra, hold a photo of their missing son at the National Autonomous University of Honduras.

Lanza was kidnapped about 10 p.m. as he and two friends drank beer at The Bachelor's Bar in Tegucigalpa.

Army officers stormed into the bar and ordered the women to leave. The men were taken into custody to begin mandatory military duty, eye-witnesses said. As the prisoners walked -- screaming in protest -- onto a school bus, Lanza was pulled from the line by two plainclothes officers. They forced him at gunpoint into a white Toyota truck.

Posters with Lanza's picture still hang on almost all the 1950s-style high-rises at the university where he studied. Graffiti on the walls says "Eduardo Lanza Vive," Spanish for "Eduardo Lanza Lives."

On a recent visit to the campus, Gertrudis Becerra, who wears her gray-and-black hair in a thick ponytail down her back, ran her fingers over black letters that spelled her son's name.

"I was very proud of him," she whispered.

On June 11, 1981, 14 years ago today, university professor Tomas Nativi was in bed with his wife when six members of Battalion 316, wearing black ski masks, burst in.

Nativi, the founder of the radical leftist group People's Revolutionary Union (URP), was kidnapped and never seen again. He was 33.

Behind his wife, Bertha Oliva (right), director of the Committee of the Relatives of the Disappeared, are photos of people who disappeared at the hands of Battalion 316.

When armed battalion members stormed into their home, Nativi begged them not to hurt his wife, who was six months pregnant.

"I told him, 'Tomas, don't put your hands up. These are not officials, they are delinquents.'" Oliva recalled.

"He looked at me," she said, "and put his hands down."

The hooded men pushed Nativi out the front door and into a car. Oliva grabbed a shirt from the closet and ran to cover her husband's bare chest.

"One of those animals would not let me get to him," she said, tears streaming down her cheeks.

"Tomas looked at me, smiled, and said, 'Be strong, my love.'"

Saul Godinez, an elementary school teacher, was abducted on July 22, 1982, by Honduran military officials as he rode his motorcycle to school.

The quiet, serious man with a round face and thick, wavy hair has not been seen since. He was 32.

Above, his wife, Enmidida Escoto, and daughter, Emma Patricia, stand on the bridge where it is believed that Godinez was abducted. Escoto holds a photo of her husband.

Witnesses told human rights investigators that Godinez was pulled over by a motorcycle police officer near Choluteca, in southern Honduras. Three men jumped from a van in front of him and forced Godinez inside at gunpoint.

It is believed that Godinez was abducted because of his repeated demands for elimination of a $30 fee for books and supplies. The fee effectively prevented the poor from attending classes. Godinez had been planning a strike.

His wife rushed to all the police posts in the area. Officers teased her that her husband had probably run off with another woman.

"I told them, 'No, that is not something my husband would do,' " she said. "It was cruel."

For weeks after the kidnapping, his wife went to the morgue to look at every unidentified body.

"It sounds terrible, but I wanted him to be there," she said. "I wanted to find him, even if he was dead, so I could stop suffering."

Maria Concepcion Gomez, who works as a secretary, recalls her search for German (pronounced "HERR-mon") Perez Aleman, a union leader and the father of her two eldest children.

About 4:30 p.m. on Aug. 18, 1982, Perez was beaten and arrested at a bus stop.

At the police station, officers said they had not seen Perez. He wasn't at the hospital, nurses told her. Gomez went to the morgue. But her husband wasn't there, either.

"He was disappeared," she said.

A former member of Battalion 316, Florencio Caballero, said that he participated in Perez's kidnapping and confirms that Perez was murdered.

The union leader had become a target of the battalion because he had made several trips to neighboring El Salvador. Leftists who traveled to El Salvador were suspected of smuggling guns to the Salvadoran rebels.

But Perez was not a gunrunner, Gomez said. He traveled to El Salvador to visit his dying father, and then to bury him.

The Honduran government concurs. A 1993 government report, "The Facts Speak for Themselves," said: "This disappearance may well have been a mistake. ... The purpose behind Perez Aleman's trips was apparently not to make contact with Salvadoran guerrillas, but to take care of family matters."

*********************************
PER: Kaelen-Wilson Goldie

When Negroponte stepped onto the Honduran stage, Central America was on fire. Crackling with rebels, arms traffickers, drug runners and dictators, the region had become a newfound flashpoint for the cold war.

The Sandinistas had already taken over Nicaragua and Marxist revolutionary movements were simmering in El Salvador and Guatemala. Honduras became a front in the Reagan administration's confrontation with communism.

On Negroponte's watch, annual military aid to the small country of four million people jumped from $4 million to $77 million, turning a backwater banana republic into a key U.S. military ally and the eighth-largest recipient of American foreign aid. A sizable share of that aid was spent terrorizing civilians, as hundreds of people, including students, journalists, lawyers, teachers, union leaders and activists were snatched off the streets of Tegucigalpa, never to be seen again.

Tales of torture and murder began circulating; the families of the disappeared started making noise. In 1995, The Baltimore Sun broke the Negroponte story in a Pulitzer prize-winning investigation. "Time and time again during his tour of duty in Honduras from 1981 to 1985," wrote reporters Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson, "Negroponte was confronted with evidence that a Honduran Army intelligence unit, trained by the CIA, was stalking, kidnapping, torturing, and killing suspected subversives."

That unit, known as Battalion 316, functioned as a veritable death squad, using physical, psychological and sexual torture, and dumping the bodies of those assassinated into unmarked graves (a few of which were discovered in 1999). Though the Honduran press carried over 300 reports on these activities in 1982 alone, Negroponte has long denied knowing anything about Battalion 316.

On several occasions he insisted there was no substantial evidence of torture or murder and that he had concealed nothing. Yet over the years the CIA's own inspector general and numerous congressmen countered his claims of innocence. In response to the Sun investigation, Negroponte insisted that, "Compared to Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua, Honduras looked like a Jeffersonian democracy at the time."

In a damning profile of Negroponte for The New York Review of Books, author Stephen Kinzer wrote that this vision of Honduras as a blossoming young democracy existed solely in the ambassador's imagination. Until five years ago, Negroponte was fast fading from public view. He retired from the Foreign Service and took an executive job at the publishing house McGraw-Hill.

Then, in a surprise move, Bush nominated him as UN ambassador in early 2001. However, his confirmation hearings grew heated and dragged on as scrutiny over his record in Honduras resurfaced, so that he was only endorsed right after the Sept. 11 attacks. Having survived two high-profile hearings, he seems certain to pass the third, and dismisses allegations about his record in Honduras as "old hat." How does his record matter? Other than the risk of Negroponte's politicizing intelligence, his past will have an impact on what message the Bush administration wishes to send to a Middle East which it claims to want to democratize.

The moral of Negroponte's Honduran experiences are hardly reassuring in this regard. Many will associate Battalion 316 to the present U.S. policy of "rendering" and the holding of prisoners without trial at Guantanamo Bay. They will ask: Did the unit's behavior find vague echoes in Abu Ghraib? Will tactics of military repression be glossed over in glowing reports of democracy on the make?

Such questions are bound to arise with Negroponte in office, and his promotion suggests that ignoring human rights abuses actually pays off professionally. More broadly, many will wonder if the U.S. intends to shake up the Middle East in the same destabilizing fashion it did Central America two decades ago. Bush does, after all, have a habit of recasting old narratives - the cold war gets grafted onto the war on terror, communism is reborn as Islamic fundamentalism.

Are Iraqi insurgents the new Sandinistas?

Negroponte consistently paints himself as a great champion of the democratic process. On balance, he insists that conditions in Honduras improved in the 1980s because, above all, free elections took place. He has lately made the same arguments about Iraq. This makes him delusional or, worse, sinister; but either way far from realistic. And ignoring death squads is an awfully strange way of buttressing someone's vision of freedom.

AUDIO LINK counterspin

crtclbÂ’s district isnÂ’t too far from me, and her Rep is a 1st-termer. Hmm . . .
Posted by petemoon
==================

Oh Yes! Anywhere we can strike a blow for democracy.

My Congressional Representaive and both Senators are Democrats, but my state legislative districts elected Reptilians last time around. I'm already signed on to help get them un-seated. :coolmad:

Nice to meet you too, Petemoon! Thanks for the warm welcome.

Posted by SingSing
Holy shit! please don't flood the blog with cut'n'paste. Just post the links to the articles you'd like to draw attention to. :gulp:

Academy Awards? Who cares. I'm more concerned (and excited) about NATIONAL I'M EMBARRASSED BY THE PRESIDENT DAY, April 1st, 2005.
http://www.democracymeansyou.com/brown

Laura, you should be talking about this!

;-)

VNG is an ORG not COM

http://iraqresolution.org/

RE: Resolution of [the Town of ]
Concerning the Vermont National Guard and the War in Iraq

RIGHT?

I'm sure that's the drive...

G'evening

petemoon
sroe14
SingSing
LiberLightingLady
mshagos
citizensteve
crtlb3185

I think that's everyone, oops you too Laura!

I've been packing...whew, and actually listening to the show with no distractions, what a concept! :-P

Oh no Diego again .. Aieeeeeeeeeee!

Off to Dallas for a 5 day training session...WooHoo....not.

Try not to get any on ya!!!

p
============================================

Then why even bother going!?!?!? :) Actually I'm looking forward to having some quiet evenings. Things have been really busy for me lately. I'm hoping to read a couple books and possible work on my website a bit.

I'm now at that awkward age, "Too old to rock 'n roll but too young to die." :coolsmile:

Evening everyone...

Just got home. But I do have to take time out for dinner. :)

eya gang

just had to break up a dogfight and patch the the terriorist's up.

Kripes! :grrr: Since the signing of the Declaration of Independence, people have been fighting over how much democracy us common folks get.

Is there any way to get my browser to auto refresh?
Posted by LiberalLightingLady on 02/27 at 08:44 PM

Newest Opera has an auto refresh option as a right click option

http://www.opera.com/download/

sheesh

Lauras actually wastin time on the 'acne awards'?

this period of movie making is a total loss.

cowardly moneybaggers runnin the show

mumbble Rant! (b nice jim) grrrrrr!

Carson send off ...

a tear jerker !!!

A 2nd ATTEMPT at making the LINK work;

Here is the Code Pink action letter:

http://www.peacewomen.org/un/Beijing10 /SignOnLetterB10.html

OK.

The link above will not WORK because of the LAURA BLOG auto parsing and the link having an embedded "SPACE" ( intentionally or otherwise )

GOTO

http://www.peacewomen.org

then look in the right column and click the link:

Beijing +10 Sign-on Letter:
395 signatories and counting!

snonli:

MOORE's FACE has not been displayed ONCE,

yet scarface has a messopotamian GOATee.

GO figure ...

NOT!!!!

how about this:

[ url=http://www.peacewomen.org/un/Beijing10 /SignOnLetterB10.html ]

Maximum respect petemoon.

Perhaps if you inserted an extra space between each character in a SYNTAX example I could follow.

e.g.:

h t t p : / / i n t e r n i c . n e t

An intersting read from:
"Do Whites Have Rights?": White Detroit Policemen and "Reverse Discrimination" Protests in the 1970s

Dennis A. Deslippe

American Journal of History, Vol. 91, #3, Dec 2004

"...
CONCLUSION

Reverse Discrimination protests continued to influence politics and workplace relations in far-ranging ways in the 1980s. In the political realm, their significance shifted from local politics to the national politics of an ascending conservatism marked by Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980. The reagan administration identified the elimination of affirmative action as one of it's chief goals. It drew from the rhetoric of plaintiffs in the 1970s, such as the Detroit Police Officer's Association member's, in emphasizing the importance of individual rights, merit, and qualifications, as the ideal criteria, for hiring, promotion, and university admissions decisions. ..."